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- <text id=91TT0313>
- <title>
- Feb. 11, 1991: Islam's Idea Of "Holy War"
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Feb. 11, 1991 Saddam's Weird War
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE GULF WAR, Page 51
- Islam's Idea of "Holy War"
- </hdr><body>
- <p> There is no exact Islamic equivalent to the concept of just
- war, but an equally complex notion stands in its place: jihad.
- The term has become disturbingly familiar to Westerners, but
- its meaning is far broader than holy war, the sense in which
- it has been brandished by Saddam Hussein and numerous Middle
- East militants. In the Koran the Prophet Muhammad is depicted
- as a divinely inspired military leader who unified formerly
- separate Arab tribes around his new faith. While the Koran most
- often uses the concept of jihad in the military sense, the word
- actually translates as "striving." According to an
- authoritative tradition, Muhammad returned from one of his early
- battles saying it was time to move from the "lesser jihad"
- (war) to the "greater jihad" of spiritual effort.
- </p>
- <p> During the century after Muhammad's death in 632, Muslim
- conquerors established sway from Spain to the borders of India.
- Islamic scholars of the era emphasized militaristic verses of
- the Koran over those that counsel peacemaking. Muslims spoke
- of the earth as being divided between the dar ul-Islam (realm
- of Islam) and the dar ul-harb (realm of war), implying a need
- for ongoing combat to extend the faith's domain. In succeeding
- centuries, as Muslims consolidated a multinational empire, the
- language of militant jihad faded.
- </p>
- <p> Believers revived the term in modern times as Muslim areas
- fell under Western control or influence. One of the first to
- do so was Muhammad Ahmad, the 19th century Mahdi who raised an
- Islamic insurgency against British colonialism in the Sudan in
- the 1880s. The Ottoman Turks declared jihad against Britain
- during World War I. Calls to holy war took on new urgency, and
- new meaning, with the creation of Israel in 1948. Since then
- the term has been used--and abused--to justify at least
- three regional wars plus terrorism and murder, not only against
- infidels but also toward fellow Muslims such as Egypt's
- President Anwar Sadat.
- </p>
- <p> Who has the religious authority to declare jihad? In Islam's
- dominant Sunni branch, that power formerly belonged to the
- caliph, or political successor of Muhammad, who united
- religious and temporal rulership. But no caliphate has existed
- since 1924, and Sunni jurists today believe the power rests
- with any legitimate Muslim political authority. Lufti Dogan,
- a former Turkish Religious Affairs Minister, says all Muslims
- can be called to jihad, but there is greater receptivity to the
- call in Shi`ism, the minority branch of Islam that is dominant
- in Iran.
- </p>
- <p> Few believers take seriously the jihad call issued last
- August by Saddam. For their part, Saudi Arabia's strict Islamic
- rulers obtained a fatwa (ruling) last month from their ranking
- religious figure, who declared that self-defense justified holy
- war against Saddam.
- </p>
- <p> In addition to a theological framework for the use of force,
- Islam, like Christianity and Judaism, offers moral rules for
- the conduct of combat. Early Muslim authorities vigorously
- opposed the mistreatment of children, women, diplomats and
- hostages and inveighed against poisoned weapons or abuse of
- natural resources (in enemy territory "do not hew down a date
- palm nor burn it..."). On those matters, and many others,
- Saddam Hussein is not much of a Muslim, whatever his claims.
- </p>
- <p>By Richard N. Ostling. With reporting by David Aikman/Cairo.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-